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Conducting Polymers: Definition, Examples, Properties and Applications

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What are Conducting Polymers? As the name suggests organic polymers that conduct electricity are known as conducting polymers. They are also known as intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and they have alternating single and double bonds along the polymer backbone (conjugated bonds) or that are composed of aromatic rings such as Phenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrrole, and thiophene which are connected through carbon-carbon single bonds. Examples: Polyacetylene, Polypyrrole, Polyaniline, etc What is the reason behind conducting nature of these polymers? Conducting polymers comes in two forms that are doped conducting polymers and non-doped conducting polymers. The conductivity of non-doped conjugated polymers is due to the existence of a conductivity band similar to a metal. In a conjugated polymer, three of the four valence electrons form strong sigma bonds through sp² hybridization where electrons are strongly localized. The remaining unpaired electron of each carbon atom re...
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Mechanical Injuries: Definition, Types and Factors Affecting

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What are Mechanical Injuries? Injuries that are produced by any kind of mechanical force like blunt, sharp objects, firearms, etc are known as mechanical injuries. Injuries are defined as any harm to any person in body, mind, reputation, or property. Types of mechanical Injuries (A) Blunt force mechanical injuries Injuries caused by blunt force impact by objects like bat pipe, rod, etc are known as blunt force mechanical injuries. The injuries by blunt force produce abrasion, bruise, laceration, etc. 1. Abrasion Injury caused by the removal of the superficial epithelial layer of skin (generally epidermis) by friction against the rough surface is called abrasion. Following are the types of abrasion: (a) Scratch/ Linear Abrasion Linear abrasion is caused by a sharp or pointed object like a fingernail, thorn, or pin on the surface of the skin. It has some length but no significant width. (b) Graze abrasion (sliding/scrape/grinding abrasion) Graze abrasion is caused by horizontal or ta...
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Types of Fingerprint Patterns

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What are Different Types of  Fingerprint Patterns? 1. Arches Arches are found in approx 5% of the recorded fingerprints. In an Arch pattern, ridges enter from one side travel to the other side, and lift slightly at the center of the pattern (like a wave) finally exiting from the opposite side.  Based on the nature of Arches they are further divided into two types i.e. Plain Arch and Tented Arch. (a) Plain Arches Plain Arch is the simplest pattern among all fingerprint patterns. In a plain arch, the ridges enter from a side (say left) and flow to the opposite side (Right) by making a small rise at the center like a wave. They don't have any core deltas but they do have numerous ridge formations like ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, and islands. (b) Tented Arches In this type of Arch, most of the ridges enter from one side and flow towards the opposite side by making a definitive angle ( 90 degrees or less ) or standing straight at the center of the pattern and finally exitin...
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