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Conducting Polymers: Definition, Examples, Properties and Applications

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What are Conducting Polymers? As the name suggests organic polymers that conduct electricity are known as conducting polymers. They are also known as intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and they have alternating single and double bonds along the polymer backbone (conjugated bonds) or that are composed of aromatic rings such as Phenylene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrrole, and thiophene which are connected through carbon-carbon single bonds. Examples: Polyacetylene, Polypyrrole, Polyaniline, etc What is the reason behind conducting nature of these polymers? Conducting polymers comes in two forms that are doped conducting polymers and non-doped conducting polymers. The conductivity of non-doped conjugated polymers is due to the existence of a conductivity band similar to a metal. In a conjugated polymer, three of the four valence electrons form strong sigma bonds through sp² hybridization where electrons are strongly localized. The remaining unpaired electron of each carbon atom re
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Crime Scene: Definition, Types and Characteristics

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What is a Crime Scene ? A place where the crime is committed or where the maximum physical evidence related to crime is found is known as a crime scene. A crime scene is a starting point of the investigation which provides information about the suspect and the victim. This helps to reconstruct the crime and fast resolution of the case. It is noted that the crime scene is not limited to a single place but may extend to a wider area depending upon the nature of the crime committed. For example, In a murder case where murder is done at one place and the body is disposed on another place. In this case, we have two crime scenes that give information about the crime. Types of Crime Scene Based on evidence found on the crime scene: 1. Primary Crime Scene The crime scene where the actual crime occurred or where more usable pieces of evidence were found is known as the primary crime scene. For example, A murder scene, theft, assault, etc. 2. Secondary Crime Scene The crime scene which is some
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IR Spectroscopy: Definition, Instrumentation, Working and Applications

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What is IR Spectroscopy? Infrared spectroscopy is absorption spectroscopy that deals with the recording of the absorption of the electromagnetic radiations of the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The IR region ranges from 700-1000 nm.   This technique is widely used for the detecting of functional groups, characterization of proteins, analysis of various liquids, and identification of molecules and their composition. Instrumentation of IR spectroscopy 1. Radiation source The radiation source should emit IR electromagnetic radiations which are steady, intense, and extended over the desired wavelength. That's why radiation sources like Nernst glower, globar source, incandescent lamp, and mercury arc lamp. 2. Monochromator It helps to select desired frequencies of IR radiations because our sample will only absorb some specific frequencies of IR radiations. Prism and grating are the most commonly used monochromators. 3. Sample cells and sampling IR spectroscopy is used
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