Sciencedoze: Science, Education and Technology

What is Raman Spectroscopy? Raman spectroscopy was given by an Indian Physicist Sir C.V Raman , which is based on inelastic scattering of monochromatic light with the sample. The resulting light will have a different frequency than incident light due to this inelastic scattering.  This technique is widely used to analyze vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency interactions in the molecule. This significantly helps in the elucidation of molecular structure, identifying functional groups, etc. Principle of Raman Spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy is based on the inelastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation with the molecule. We have two types of scattering that are elastic and inelastic scattering.  Elastic scattering obeys the Rayleigh law that states that there will be no loss of energy and momentum of the incidence radiation and scattered radiation. That's why this scattering is also known as Rayleigh scattering. Whereas, there will be some conditions (1 in mi...

Some scientific discoveries came after long research and experimenting but many of them came accidentally. Accidental scientific discoveries proved to be a game-changer in today's life. So here are 5 incredible inventions that were discovered by accident. 1. Microwave oven The microwave oven was invented by Percy Spencer entirely by accident. He was working on "magnetron" , one of the components of radar equipment. He was amazed to see that candy in his pocket had melted.  Out of curiosity, he tried placing other objects near magnetron like popcorn, eggs, etc (He was standing at a safe distance, so as not to start cooking himself). Popcorn started popping out and eggshells started exploding, and for the first time, he came to know that eggs will explode in their shells if cooked in a microwave. Spencer realized the potential of his invention and designed more efficient and reliable food-cooking microwave ovens. The early models were not received much popularity due to t...

Scattering of Light The phenomenon of absorbing light by particles and then re-emitting in all directions is known as the scattering of light. When a light is emitted from a source then it is absorbed by all the particles which is coming in its path and then scattered in all direction. This is nothing but scattering of light. We will discuss this phenomenon with respect to Rayleigh law of scattering. Types of Scattering of Light 1. Elastic or Rayleigh Scattering This is a type of scattering in which the size of the particles say 'a' is very less than the wavelength of light i.e a<< λ . So, there will be no change in the frequency and wavelength of scattered light. 2. Inelastic Scattering This is a type of scattering in which the size of the particles say 'a' is larger than the wavelength of the light i.e a>> λ . So, there will be a change in the frequency and wavelength of scattered light. Rayleigh's law of Scattering Rayleigh's law of Scatter...

Sun is a big power station that provides clean, non-stop energy for free. Sun is a ball of nuclear energy that has enough fuel onboard to run our solar system for another five billion years and solar panels can convert this energy into the infinite supply of electricity . Solar power may seem an advance technology, but it's already in use. Solar-powered quartz watch, calculator, car, aircraft, etc are already used in daily life. Also, NASA has developed a solar-powered plane whose upper wing surface is covered by solar panels that power the plane's engine. Topics covered in this article: How much energy Sun can provide us? What are Solar Cells ? How solar cells are manufactured and its working?  The efficiency of Solar Cells   Different types of photovoltaic solar cells How much power a solar cell can create? Why Solar cells are not popular in use? How much energy Sun can provide us? The amount of energy received from the sun is minimum at s...

What is a Nuclear Reactor A Nuclear reactor (also known as atomic pile), is a device used to initiate, terminate and control a nuclear chain reaction. It is based on the principle of controlled chain reaction and provides energy at a constant rate. Nuclear reactors are mainly used at the nuclear power plant for electricity generation . Energy (Heat) from nuclear fission is passed to a fluid, which turns into steam and runs a turbine to generate alternating current. Some nuclear reactors are also used for producing isotopes for medical and research purposes. Main Parts of Nuclear Reactor 1. Nuclear Fuel It is a material that can be fissioned by neutrons. The isotopes such as U-235 , Th-232 , and Pu-239 can be used in a reactor as a fuel. A certain amount of the fuel is taken in the form of rods, kept in aluminum containers. The rods which are separated by the moderator are placed in the core of the reactor. 2. Moderator During the fission of Uranium, fast...

What is a Magnet? A magnet is a material that has both attractive and directive properties. This property of attraction is called magnetism. When suspended freely, a thin long piece of magnet comes to rest nearly in the geographical north-south direction. Types of Magnets Magnets are of basically two types- 1. Natural Magnet The magnets which exists in earth naturally are called natural magnets. For example: Earth's magnetic field. 2. Artificial Magnets The pieces of iron and other magnetic materials can be made to acquire the properties of natural magnets. Such magnets are called artificial magnets. The main advantage of these magnets is that they can be made much more stronger than the natural magnets and also of any convenient shape and size. They are generally available in the following forms:- 1. Bar Magnet It is a bar of circular or rectangular cross section. 2. Magnetic Needle It is a thin magnetized steel needle having pointed ends and ...

A.C generator or dynamo is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Actually, the name generator is a misnomer because it does not generate any energy. It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Definition of A.C Generator   An a.c generator is the one which produces a current that alternates or changes its direction regularly after a fixed interval of time, i.e., it is a device which converts mechanical energy into alternating form of electrical energy. The present form of a.c generator is due to Nikola Tesla , The great Yugoslav scientist who built it in the year 1888 . Working principle of A.C Generator The working of an a.c generator is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction . When a closed coil is rotated in a uniform magnetic field with its axis perpendicular to the magnetic field, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes and an induced EMF is produced and hence a current is set up in it. Components of A.C ...

In the macroscopic world, we observe several kinds of forces : muscular force, contact forces of support and friction, forces exerted by springs and strings, viscous forces, electric forces, magnetic forces, etc. All these forces between macroscopic objects arise from two fundamental forces : Gravitational force Electromagnetic force In the microscopic world, in addition to the above two forces, two more basic forces are required to account for the various atomic and nuclear processes. These are Strong nuclear force Weak nuclear force The ratio of the strength of the four fundamental forces in nature is Fg:Fw:Fe:Fs =  1 : 10^25 : 10^36 : 10^38 1. The Gravitational Force It is the force of mutual attraction between two bodies by virtue of their masses.  It is a universal force. Every body attracts every other body of the universe with this force. According to Newton's law of gravitation the gravitational attraction between two bodies of masses m1 ...