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Types of Fingerprint Patterns

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What are Different Types of  Fingerprint Patterns? 1. Arches Arches are found in approx 5% of the recorded fingerprints. In an Arch pattern, ridges enter from one side travel to the other side, and lift slightly at the center of the pattern (like a wave) finally exiting from the opposite side.  Based on the nature of Arches they are further divided into two types i.e. Plain Arch and Tented Arch. (a) Plain Arches Plain Arch is the simplest pattern among all fingerprint patterns. In a plain arch, the ridges enter from a side (say left) and flow to the opposite side (Right) by making a small rise at the center like a wave. They don't have any core deltas but they do have numerous ridge formations like ridge endings, bifurcations, dots, and islands. (b) Tented Arches In this type of Arch, most of the ridges enter from one side and flow towards the opposite side by making a definitive angle ( 90 degrees or less ) or standing straight at the center of the pattern and finally exitin...
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Mechanical Injuries: Definition, Types and Factors Affecting

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What are Mechanical Injuries? Injuries that are produced by any kind of mechanical force like blunt, sharp objects, firearms, etc are known as mechanical injuries. Injuries are defined as any harm to any person in body, mind, reputation, or property. Types of mechanical Injuries (A) Blunt force mechanical injuries Injuries caused by blunt force impact by objects like bat pipe, rod, etc are known as blunt force mechanical injuries. The injuries by blunt force produce abrasion, bruise, laceration, etc. 1. Abrasion Injury caused by the removal of the superficial epithelial layer of skin (generally epidermis) by friction against the rough surface is called abrasion. Following are the types of abrasion: (a) Scratch/ Linear Abrasion Linear abrasion is caused by a sharp or pointed object like a fingernail, thorn, or pin on the surface of the skin. It has some length but no significant width. (b) Graze abrasion (sliding/scrape/grinding abrasion) Graze abrasion is caused by horizontal or ta...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation, Working and Applications

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What is Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy? Atomic absorption spectroscopy provides us the data about the absorbance of electromagnetic radiation by specific elements. This technique is widely used to determine the presence of unknown elements like alkali and alkali earth metals in the sample.  This is supported by the fact that different metals will absorb different wavelengths of radiation and transmitted radiation is detected by using Lambert Beer's law the graph between the absorbance and the wavelength of the radiation is plotted. Instrumentation of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 1. Radiation source The most common radiation source in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy is a hollow cathode lamp (HCL). It contains a tungsten anode and a cylindrical hollow cathode made of the element of desire which is the element that is to be determined in the sample.  These anode and cathode are sealed into a glass tube filled with an inert gas like neon or argon . When a voltage is appl...
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