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In the macroscopic world, we observe several kinds of forces : muscular force, contact forces of support and friction, forces exerted by springs and strings, viscous forces, electric forces, magnetic forces, etc. All these forces between macroscopic objects arise from two fundamental forces : Gravitational force Electromagnetic force In the microscopic world, in addition to the above two forces, two more basic forces are required to account for the various atomic and nuclear processes. These are Strong nuclear force Weak nuclear force The ratio of the strength of the four fundamental forces in nature is Fg:Fw:Fe:Fs =  1 : 10^25 : 10^36 : 10^38 1. The Gravitational Force It is the force of mutual attraction between two bodies by virtue of their masses.  It is a universal force. Every body attracts every other body of the universe with this force. According to Newton's law of gravitation the gravitational attraction between two bodies of masses m1 ...

Introduction to Rutherford's Model of Atom Rutherford, in 1911, perform some scattering experiments in which he bombarded thin foils (nearly 100 nm thick) of metals like gold, silver, platinum or copper with a beam of fast moving Alpha particles. The source of Alpha particles was radium , a radioactive substance, placed in a block of lead. Slits were used to get a fine beam. The presence of Alpha particle at any point around the thin foil of gold after striking, it was detected with the help of circular zinc sulphide screen. The point at which Alpha particle strikes this screen, a flash of light is given out. Observations made from Experiment From these experiments, he made the following observations:- Most of the Alpha particles (99.9%) passed through the foil without undergoing any deflection. Few Alpha particles underwent deflection through small angles. Very few (only one in 20,000) were deflected back that  is through an angle greater...

Welcome to Sciencedoze. Today we will learn about Photoelectric effect in detail. This article consists Photoelectric effect, It's properties, Einstein's theory of Photoelectric effect and applications of Photoelectric effect. So let's begin!! What is Photoelectric Effect? The phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface, when electromagnetic radiations of sufficiently high frequency are incident on it, is called photoelectric effect. The photo (light)- generated electrons are called photoelectrons. What are the Laws of Photoelectric Emission? On the basis of the experimental results on photoelectric effect, Lenard and millikan gave the following laws of the photoelectric emission: For a given photosensitive material and frequency of incident radiation, (above the threshold frequency), the photoelectric current is directly proportional to the intensity of light. The saturation current is directly proportional to the intensity of incident ra...

How will Chandrayaan 2 Study the Moon? When Chandrayaan-1, India's first moon mission was launched on October 22, 2008 from Sriharikota using the polar satellite launch vehicle (PSLV), India became the fourth country to plant its flag on the lunar surface. On the moon, the mission conclusively detected traces of water along with magnesium, aluminium and silicon. Now, close to decade later, India will launch its second lunar mission, Chandrayaan 2 , on July 22, 2019 again from sriharikota using the Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle (GSLV) Mark lll rocket. The launch falls a day short of the 50th anniversary of the launch of the American mission Apollo 11 which took humans to the moon and back. The first moon landing occurred on July 20, 1969, on the Apollo 11 mission which was launched on July 16. How will the Launch Work? The GSLV Mark lll rocket will first launch the spacecraft into an Earth parking orbit (170 Km×40,400 Km). Then the height of the orb...

The indelible ink lasts so long on finger because the chemical used in indelible inks is Silver nitrate . When we put it on the skin, Silver nitrate reacts with the salt present on our skin and form Silver chloride which is insoluble in water , and sticks to the skin. How to remove indelible ink from skin? Indelible ink cannot be washed off with soap and water. It cannot be washed even with hot water, alcohol, nail polish remover, or bleach. The indelible ink will disappear as the old skin cells die and get replaced by a new one. Where is indelible ink manufactured in India? Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited is a company located in the city of Mysore, India where indelible ink is manufactured. It is the only company in India authorized to produce the indelible ink, which is used in the elections to prevent people from voting multiple times.

What would happen if we live on mars? We can't live freely on mars as we today live on earth. We can't talk, walk ,and eat freely as we do on earth. In short, our life will be hell. Here are the reasons why? Time to travel If we board on the fastest space ship even then it would take around 40 days to 270 days to travel from earth to mars, depending upon the position of mars in the orbit. Breathing We can't breathe freely as there is only 0.14% of the oxygen on Mars. We have to carry excess oxygen from earth or we have to find an effective way to produce oxygen from Co2 as it is a major part of mars. Weather Mars is a global desert filled with infertile dry sand. The temperature on mars can drop down to -55°C to -123°C which unbearable for humans. Also, heavy dust storms are common on Mars. Radiations As mars have no magnetic field and the ozone layer. So we can't bear the UV radiations of the sun and can't move freely like on earth. Cha...

NASA will send a drone to Saturn's largest moon For its next mission in our solar system, NASA plans to fly a drone copter to saturn's largest moon TITAN in search of building blocks of life. The dragonfly mission which will launch in 2026 and land in 2034 will send a rotorcraft to fly to dozens of locations across the icy moon which has a substantial atmosphere and is viewed by scientist as an equivalent of early-era earth. Why Saturn? It is the only celestial body besides our planet known to have liquid rivers, lakes and seas on its surface. Though these contain hydrocarbons like methane and ethane not water. This cutting-edge mission would have been unthinkable even just a few years ago but we are now ready for dragonflies amazing flight. What it will discover? NASA said the vehicle would have 8 routers and fly like a large drone. During its 2.7 year baseline mission, Dragonfly will explore diverse and environments from organic dunes to the floor of an impact cr...

Why old people fall so often and how this can be prevented Maya walked everyday with her friends. These were the same friends who had rallied  around her after her husband passed away,  and they were a constant source of support to her. Despite this, when the 64- year-old had a few giddy spells, especially in the mornings, she didn't discuss it with them. In fact, she thought nothing of them at all. Maya  just put it down to by-product of old age. But one day, she slipped in the bathroom and fell unconscious. When she came to, she found she had a fractured her hip. She had to go in for surgery that left her depressed and confined to her bed. Maya is not only one. Studies have shown that one in three elders above the age of 60 fall every year and injure themselves and the number increase with increase in age. A fall in consequence of what is known as the Geriatric Giants, a term indicating that drastic effect old age can have on the quality of life. The joints are f...

This is a serious and unique public health issue with an enormous consequence not only for women's health but also for their families. Women's not only share most of the health risk of smoking with men (such as cancer of the lungs and gastrointestinal tract) but also face additional health hazards like adverse pregnancy outcomes and increase cardiovascular risk.                              Here are four health effects of smoking that made it worse for women.   1. Smoking affects fertility and hurts the unborn baby Why blow it up in smoke? Women smokers are at greater risk of infertility. They may face difficulty in conceiving, suffer miscarriages or ectopic pregnancies. They may give birth to pre-term low weight or Intra-Uterine growth restriction babies, as the nicotine from tobacco reduces the placental blood flow ...

There is a salt and ice challenge for you. Take one teaspoon of salt and one ice cube in your hand and hold it for just 2 minutes. You can't because your skin will burn like hell like someone sprayed acid on your hand. What causes your hand to burn?? Let's find out!! Disclaimer-⚠️ Don't try this at home ⚠️ What causes your skin to burn? It's because of salt . Salt decreases the freezing point of ice. Normal ice freezes at 0°C but after adding salt its freezing point drops down  to -21°C. Your hand's heat can easily melt the normal ice but It could not melt the ice with -21°C temperature causing a burning sensation to your hand. If you put ice and salt for a long time then it can  also cause frostbite which is very  lethal. How can it affect your skin? We can suffer from frostbite which is not good. Frostbite freezes your skin tissues, reducing the blood flow and oxygen due to which your skin becomes pale, lost of sensation, black or...

Did you ever feel a burning sensation in your stomach or the chest? If yes then let's read about acidity...   What is acidity? An acid called stomach acid mainly consists of Hydrochloric acid ( HCl) which helps to digest food like burger, fruits, rice , etc. So when this Hydrochloric acid gets produced in excess amount then it causes acidity . This Hydrochloric acid can reach up to your throat and can cause problems like heartburn ( a burning sensation in chest), acidity, and tons of stomach problems. The pH of Hydrochloric acid can range between 2-3 making it very strong acid which can even dissolve a razor blade. So here a question arises that how can we reduce its amount and maintain the pH of our stomach. How can we cure acidity? By taking an antacid we can cure the acidity. Let's understand a simple chemical equation ACID + BASE---------> SALT + WATER (HCl) + (Antacid) This above reaction is called a neutralization reac...